Happiness around the world: a combined etic-emic approach across 63 countries /

Gwendolyn Gardiner; Daniel Lee; Erica Baranski; David Funder; Maite Beramendi; Brock Bastian; Aljoscha Neubauer; Filip De Fruyt; Diego Cortez; Eric Roth; Ana Torres; Daniela S Zanini; Kristina Petkova; Jessica Tracy; Catherine Amiot; Mathieu Pelletier-Dumas; Roberto González; Ana Rosenbluth; Sergio Salgado; Yanjun Guan; Yu Yang; Diego Forero; Andrés Camargo; Željko Jerneić; Martina Hřebíčková; Sylvie Graf; Pernille Strobak; Anu Realo; Maja Becker; Christelle Maisonneuve; Sofian El-Astal; Vladimer Lado Gamsakhurdi; Matthias Ziegler; Lars Penke; John Rauthmann; Emmanouil Papastefanakis; Georgios Kritsotakis; Irene Spyridaki; Evangelia Fragkiadaki; Emma E Buchtel; Victoria Wai-Lan Yeung; Ágota Kun; Peter Gadanecz; Zoltán Vass; Máté Smohai; Anagha Lavalekar; Meta Zahro Aurelia; Dian Kinayung; Vanessa Gaffar; Gavin Sullivan; Christopher Day; Eyal Rechter; Augusto Gnisci; Ida Sergi; Vincenzo Paolo Senese; Marco Perugini; Giulio Costantini; Asuka Komiya; Tatsuya Sato; Yuki Nakata; Shizuka Kawamoto; Marwan Al-Zoubi; Nicholas Owsley; Chaning Jang; Georgina Mburu; Irene Ngina; Girts Dimdins; Rasa Barkauskienė; Alfredas Laurinavičius; Marijana Markovikj; Eleonora Serafimovska; Khairul A Mastor; Elliott Kruse; Nairán Ramírez-Esparza; Jaap Denissen; Marcel Van Aken; Ron Fischer; Ike E Onyishi; Kalu T Ogba; Siri Leknes; Vera Waldal Holen; Ingelin Hansen; Christian K Tamnes; Kaia Klava; Muhammad Rizwan; Rukhsana Kausar; Nashi Khan; Agustín Espinosa; Maria Cecilia Gastardo-Conaco; Diwa Malaya A Quinones; Piotr Szarota; Paweł Izdebski; Martyna Kotyśko; Joana Henriques-Calado; Florin Alin Sava; Olga Lvova; Victoria Pogrebitskaya; Mikhail Allakhverdov; Sergey Manichev; Oumar Barry; Petar Čolović; Snežana Smederevac; Dušanka Mitrović; Milan Oljača; Ryan Hong; Peter Halama; Janek Musek; Francois De Kock; Gyuseog Han; Eunkook M Suh; Soyeon Choi; Luis Oceja; Sergio Villar; David Gallardo-Pujol; Zoltan Kekecs; Nils Arlinghaus; Daniel P Johnson; Alice Kathryn O'Donnell; Janina Larissa Bühler; Clara Kulich; Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi; Mathias Allemand; Yen-Ping Chang; Weifang Lin; Watcharaporn Boonyasiriwat; Adil Saribay; Oya Somer; Pelin Karakus Akalin; Peter Kakubeire Baguma; Alexander Vinogradov; Larisa Zhuravlova; Jason Rentfrow; Mark Conner; Alexa Tullett; Douglas E Colman; Joey T Cheng; Eric Stocks; Huyen Thi Thu Bui

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242718

Title	Happiness around the world: a combined etic-emic approach across 63 countries /
Authors	Gardiner, Gwendolyn ; Lee, Daniel ; Baranski, Erica ; Funder, David ; Beramendi, Maite ; Bastian, Brock ; Neubauer, Aljoscha ; De Fruyt, Filip ; Cortez, Diego ; Roth, Eric ; Torres, Ana ; Zanini, Daniela S ; Petkova, Kristina ; Tracy, Jessica ; Amiot, Catherine ; Pelletier-Dumas, Mathieu ; González, Roberto ; Rosenbluth, Ana ; Salgado, Sergio ; Guan, Yanjun ; Yang, Yu ; Forero, Diego ; Camargo, Andrés ; Jerneić, Željko ; Hřebíčková, Martina ; Graf, Sylvie ; Strobak, Pernille ; Realo, Anu ; Becker, Maja ; Maisonneuve, Christelle ; El-Astal, Sofian ; Gamsakhurdi, Vladimer Lado ; Ziegler, Matthias ; Penke, Lars ; Rauthmann, John ; Papastefanakis, Emmanouil ; Kritsotakis, Georgios ; Spyridaki, Irene ; Fragkiadaki, Evangelia ; Buchtel, Emma E ; Yeung, Victoria Wai-Lan ; Kun, Ágota ; Gadanecz, Peter ; Vass, Zoltán ; Smohai, Máté ; Lavalekar, Anagha ; Aurelia, Meta Zahro ; Kinayung, Dian ; Gaffar, Vanessa ; Sullivan, Gavin ; Day, Christopher ; Rechter, Eyal ; Gnisci, Augusto ; Sergi, Ida ; Senese, Vincenzo Paolo ; Perugini, Marco ; Costantini, Giulio ; Komiya, Asuka ; Sato, Tatsuya ; Nakata, Yuki ; Kawamoto, Shizuka ; Al-Zoubi, Marwan ; Owsley, Nicholas ; Jang, Chaning ; Mburu, Georgina ; Ngina, Irene ; Dimdins, Girts ; Barkauskienė, Rasa ; Laurinavičius, Alfredas ; Markovikj, Marijana ; Serafimovska, Eleonora ; Mastor, Khairul A ; Kruse, Elliott ; Ramírez-Esparza, Nairán ; Denissen, Jaap ; Van Aken, Marcel ; Fischer, Ron ; Onyishi, Ike E ; Ogba, Kalu T ; Leknes, Siri ; Holen, Vera Waldal ; Hansen, Ingelin ; Tamnes, Christian K ; Klava, Kaia ; Rizwan, Muhammad ; Kausar, Rukhsana ; Khan, Nashi ; Espinosa, Agustín ; Gastardo-Conaco, Maria Cecilia ; Quinones, Diwa Malaya A ; Szarota, Piotr ; Izdebski, Paweł ; Kotyśko, Martyna ; Henriques-Calado, Joana ; Sava, Florin Alin ; Lvova, Olga ; Pogrebitskaya, Victoria ; Allakhverdov, Mikhail ; Manichev, Sergey ; Barry, Oumar ; Čolović, Petar ; Smederevac, Snežana ; Mitrović, Dušanka ; Oljača, Milan ; Hong, Ryan ; Halama, Peter ; Musek, Janek ; De Kock, Francois ; Han, Gyuseog ; Suh, Eunkook M ; Choi, Soyeon ; Oceja, Luis ; Villar, Sergio ; Gallardo-Pujol, David ; Kekecs, Zoltan ; Arlinghaus, Nils ; Johnson, Daniel P ; O'Donnell, Alice Kathryn ; Bühler, Janina Larissa ; Kulich, Clara ; Lorenzi-Cioldi, Fabio ; Allemand, Mathias ; Chang, Yen-Ping ; Lin, Weifang ; Boonyasiriwat, Watcharaporn ; Saribay, Adil ; Somer, Oya ; Akalin, Pelin Karakus ; Baguma, Peter Kakubeire ; Vinogradov, Alexander ; Zhuravlova, Larisa ; Rentfrow, Jason ; Conner, Mark ; Tullett, Alexa ; Colman, Douglas E ; Cheng, Joey T ; Stocks, Eric ; Bui, Huyen Thi Thu
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0242718
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Is Part of	PLoS ONE.. San Francisco : Public Library of Science. 2020, vol. 15, no.12, art. no. e242718, p. 1-31.. eISSN 1932-6203
Keywords [eng]	cross-cultural ; happiness ; personality
Abstract [eng]	What does it mean to be happy? The vast majority of cross-cultural studies on happiness have employed a Western-origin, or "WEIRD" measure of happiness that conceptualizes it as a self-centered (or "independent"), high-arousal emotion. However, research from Eastern cultures, particularly Japan, conceptualizes happiness as including an interpersonal aspect emphasizing harmony and connectedness to others. Following a combined emicetic approach (Cheung, van de Vijver & Leong, 2011), we assessed the cross-cultural applicability of a measure of independent happiness developed in the US (Subjective Happiness Scale; Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) and a measure of interdependent happiness developed in Japan (Interdependent Happiness Scale; Hitokoto & Uchida, 2015), with data from 63 countries representing 7 sociocultural regions. Results indicate that the schema of independent happiness was more coherent in more WEIRD countries. In contrast, the coherence of interdependent happiness was unrelated to a country's "WEIRD-ness." Reliabilities of both happiness measures were lowest in African and Middle Eastern countries, suggesting these two conceptualizations of happiness may not be globally comprehensive. Overall, while the two measures had many similar correlates and properties, the self-focused concept of independent happiness is "WEIRD-er" than interdependent happiness, suggesting cross-cultural researchers should attend to both conceptualizations.
Published	San Francisco : Public Library of Science
Type	Journal article
Language	English
Publication date	2020
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„Happiness around the world: a combined etic-emic approach across 63 countries /“