| Abstract [eng] |
Title. Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Epidemiology, Clinical and Diagnostics Presentation, Vaccination. Relevance of the problem and the aim of the work. Tick-borne encephalitis is an acute and severe neuroinfection. The endemic areas expand because of the global warming and cases are reported during winter months. This leads to the increased morbidity of the tick-borne encephalitis each year. This infectious disease can cause severe and long lasting neurological, neuropsychological outcomes or even death. Therefore, the aim of this work is to perform a systemic literature review and to analyse the tick-borne encephalitis epidemiology, clinical and diagnostic features, outcomes and prevention measures. Methods. The design of this study is systemic review. The search for the literature was performed on the computer bibliographic database „PubMed“. Articles which are published from 2018 to 2023 and are written in English and depict the tick-borne encephalitis, its epidemiology, clinical and diagnostic features, outcomes and prevention measures were selected. Combinations of keywards used in the advanced search area were (tick-borne encephalitis) AND (epidemiology), (tick-borne encephalitis) AND (clinical features), (tick-borne encephalitis) AND (diagnostic features), (tick-borne encephalitis) AND (outcomes), (tick-borne encephalitis) AND (prophylaxis). As well, filters „Full text“, „5 years“, „English“, „Humans“ were activated. Results. In total 5762 articles were identified based on keywords used in the advanced search area of the „PubMed“ database. 10 articles were found after the activation of of the selected filters and after the application of the inclusuion and exlusion criterias. Four of these articles were literature reviews, two were surveys, one was systemic review, one was prospective study, one was case reports. This systemic review was written after the analysation of studies mentioned before. Conclusions. The tick-borne encephalitis is caused by virus which belongs to Flavivirus genus, Flaviviridae family. There are three main subtypes: European, Siberian and Far East. The tick-borne encephalitis virus is transmited by two main vectors Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Europe. The food borne transmition of the virus is pssible by using infected goats, sheep and cows unpasterised milk and dairy products. The clinical manifestation may vary from the seroconverstion without any clinical signs to death. The symptomic tick-borne encephalitis infection may be biphasic with the first phase (the first viraemia or the first fever wave) and with the second phase (the second fever wave or the central nervous system impairment). The second phase is divided into meningitis which mostly affects children, meningoencephalitis, meningoencephalomyelitis/radiculoneuritis. Outcomes depend on the tick-borne encephalitis form, severity and virus subtype. The majority of patients recover fully. However, some of them suffer from long lasting neurological, neuropsychiatric conditions. Diagnostic criteria of the tick-borne encephalitis includes clinical symptoms, epidemiologic anamnesis, pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid, positive molecular and serological tests results. The specific and non-specific prevention measures of the tick-borne encephalitis are highly important in order to decrease morbidity and mortality rate of this disease. Recomendations. Morbidity rate of the tick-borne encephalitis could be reduced by the effective specific and non-specific prevention measures of the tick-borne encephalitis. As well, it is ipmportant to educate people and doctors about tick-borne encephalitis, its epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic, outcomes and prophylaxis. Keywords. Tick-borne encephalitis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic features, outcomes, prophylaxis. |
