| Abstract [eng] |
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease relies on the ability to identify high-risk individuals before the development of obvious clinical events. Early and accurate risk identification is therefore essential. An increasing number of new biomarkers are being identified to predict cardiovascular disease. Biomarkers play a key role in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment decisions for cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on various promising biomarkers that provide diagnostic and prognostic information. Myocardial tissue-specific cardiac troponin, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays and cardiac-type fatty acid binding protein all contribute to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the first hours after symptom onset. Markers of inflammation such as growth differentiation factor 15, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen help predict myocardial infarction and death. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, myeloperoxidase, predicts the risk of acute coronary syndrome. Lipoprotein- associated phospholipase A2 and secretory phospholipase A2 predict recurrent cardiovascular events. Natriuretic peptides, ST2, endothelin-1, mid-region proadrenomedullin and copeptin, all of which have been shown to be particularly beneficial in various studies. They have been used to predict death and the risk of developing heart failure after myocardial infarction and to provide information on risk stratification for heart failure. New biomarkers that are rapidly developing, such as microRNAs, are also being investigated. It is important to note that all biomarkers reflect different aspects of atherosclerosis development. The aim of this literature review is to analyse and present basic information on new promising biomarkers of myocardial damage that are currently in use and provide diagnostic and prognostic information. |
