| Abstract [eng] |
Psychosis is a significant disturbance in the perception of reality, with symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganization of thinking and behavior. Psychosis can occur in many psychiatric disorders. The causes of psychosis may be primary (primary psychiatric illness) or secondary (medical and neurological conditions, substance use, etc.). First episode of psychosis is a term used unevenly in the literature, which includes the first psychotic episode in a person's life, the first-time psychosis is reported to a doctor, and the first psychotic episode in a person's life, when psychosis is diagnosed and first treated. A patient with first-episode psychosis requires a careful assessment, including a detailed medical history, physical examination, and investigation. Early diagnosis of first-episode psychosis and appropriate treatment can improve quality of life, social adaptation and reduce the risk of relapse. However, if the diagnosis of a first episode of psychosis is incorrect, it can cause significant harm to the patient, both in terms of receiving inappropriate treatment and in terms of the stigma attached to psychotic disorders in society. The most common presentations of psychosis are schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders and mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and depression with psychotic features. Psychosis may also be a manifestation of psychoactive substance use or an underlying medical illness. In the case of a first episode of psychosis, it is important to differentiate between secondary causes of psychosis, i.e., organic psychosis. It has been established that psychosis can also occur in some forms of inborn errors of metabolism. Late-onset forms of these diseases usually manifest by attenuated phenotypes, which in some cases are associated with one or more clinical features that differ from the classical clinical picture described in children. For these reasons, inborn errors of metabolism, especially late onset forms, are often unrecognized. It is known that some of the inborn errors of metabolism that could cause irreversible neurological damage, complications and/or death can be effectively treated, and the identification of such diseases can be essential. This literature review aims to provide a summary of the epidemiology of psychosis and the the presentation of psychotic symptoms in patients with inborn errors of metabolism at different ages. We review 19 diseases that have distinct associations with psychosis: their frequency, age of onset, psychiatric expression, and psychotic features. |
