| Abstract [eng] |
Over the last twenty years, since 9/11, the Muslim community all around the world faced many challenges in terms of their social, religious and cultural credibility. The 9/11 terrorist attacks have fundamentally changed the attitude of non-Muslim society towards the Muslim community. Particular attention is being paid to Muslim women, who regularly face various forms of discrimination in their wear of the Muslim clothing, the hijab in public. This problem has become quite acute in various parts of the world, including Europe. This is because host European societies attribute meanings to the hijab that it often does not have. For these reasons, the issue of the hijab becomes particularly relevant, as there is a wide variety of discussions and misunderstandings in the public sphere in an attempt to explain the phenomenon of the hijab. Nowadays the wearing of hijab might be misleading, as the European context has changed the content of the motivation to wear it. Efforts to overcome cultural and religious radicalization (in this case, the full hijab typical of the Middle Eastern revival period) must go hand in hand with knowing the reasons why Muslim women choose to wear the hijab in secular European societies. This raises the problematic question: whether the Muslim hijab worn in European host societies because of a radical Islamic worldview? It is important to answer this question because many Muslim women face Islamophobia, and there are constant tensions in society where many Muslim women wearing the hijab share heightened feelings of fear and anxiety about being seen, recognized, and condemned in public. The effects of Islamophobia have a particular impact on the lives of Muslim women. Based on the problem of the work, the main goal of the work is formulated - to find out whether the Muslim hijab is worn in European host societies due to a radical Islamic worldview. To achieve the goal of the work, it is important to present the theoretical background of the phenomenon of the hijab and its types. Secondly, it is necessary to show how the hijab is related to radical Islam. Thirdly, it is essential to analyze how the motivation of wearing hijab by Muslim women is understood by the host society. Fourthly, it is important to analyze and present different assumptions explaining women's motivation to wear the hijab. Finally, there is a need to show what is meant by wearing a hijab by Muslim women in a non-Muslim environment. The research has shown that Muslim women do not necessarily wear the hijab because of the radical attitude of the host society towards Muslims. It should be noted that Muslim women who have immigrated and live in European countries have different perceptions of the hijab. It has been observed that the hijab has different meanings in different contexts. Firstly, the hijab can be associated with religious obligation. Also, most Muslim women interpret the hijab as part of their cultural identity. Moreover, hijab helps Muslim women stand out and at the same time separate themselves from other members of the non-Muslim community. The wearing of the Muslim veil is also used in the fight against the stigmatization of the Muslim community and the formation of stereotypes. In addition, the hijab helps Muslim women protect themselves and survive. One of the motives for wearing the hijab is becoming a phenomenon of pressure. Despite religious and cultural motives, the hijab has also begun to be seen as a means of expressing style and fashion. Finally, Muslim women tend to wear hijab in response to cultural Muslims in order to separate themselves from other Muslims who are seen as ethnic Muslims only. In conclusion, the hijab has become a conscious tool that was used to show one’s devotion to religion and culture as well as to protest Muslim discrimination in Europe. |
