| Abstract [eng] |
Aim of the study: To analyse a rare oncological disease – male breast cancer – etiology, diagnostic and treatment methods in the context of the latest scientific literature. Objectives: 1. To discuss the risk factors for breast cancer in men. 2. To analyse the diagnostic methods of male breast cancer, their advantages and disadvantages. 3. To review the treatment methods of male breast cancer in the latest scientific literature, their effectiveness and side effects. Methods: A literature review was performed using the PubMed search system in the electronic bibliographic database MEDLINE. The PubMed data search system has analysed publications from the past five years that describe risk factors, diagnostic methods and treatment options for male breast cancer. From the search results, 50 publications were included in the literature review. Results: Male breast cancer is a rare oncological disease. The main risk factors are related to clinical disorders carrying hormonal imbalance (excess of estrogen), radiation exposure, a positive family history of breast cancer in close relatives, gene mutations, especially – breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2). Male breast cancer is diagnosed by clinical assessment, radiological assessment (mammography and ultrasound examination) and tissue biopsy. Histological examination after a core needle biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing male breast cancer. Early-stage male breast cancer is treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Tamoxifen remains the standard of hormone therapy treatment for breast cancer in men. Tamoxifen is recommended as a hormone therapy drug for the treatment of metastatic male breast cancer and GnRH agonists, aromatase inhibitors and fulvestrant remain possible treatment alternatives. Chemotherapy is given when the disease continues to progress or when breast cancer is hormone receptor – negative. Conclusions and recommendations: Male breast cancer is a rare oncological disease. Clinical disorders carrying hormonal imbalance (hyperestrogenism), as well as radiation exposure, genetic factors (positive family history, gene mutations), are the major risk factors for breast cancer in men. After a core needle biopsy, histological examination confirms the diagnosis of oncological disease. Despite the main methods of cancer treatment (surgical, radiotherapy and chemotherapy), hormone therapy with tamoxifen is important treatment for breast cancer in men, because most male breast cancers have positive hormone receptors. Male breast cancer is usually diagnosed at a more advanced stage due to mild clinical manifestation, lack of public awareness of the disease and delayed diagnosis of the disease. Improving the early diagnosis for breast cancer in men – raising awareness of the disease and promoting regular breast self-exam – can reduce breast cancer mortality. Keywords: Male breast cancer, causes of male breast cancer, diagnosis of male breast cancer, treatment of male breast cancer. |
