| Abstract [eng] |
Objective: To identify the anatomical variations of both human lung fissures and pulmonary hila. Methodology: A total of 15 formalin (10%) fixed cadavers were dissected. The main fissures of twenty-two lungs (12 right and 10 left) were evaluated and the presence of accessory fissures was noted. In addition, 29 pulmonary hila (15 right and 14 left) were examined after dissection adjacent and parallel to the lung parenchyma. Main fissures were classified into either complete, incomplete, or absent, and into one of four grades according to the Craig – Walker classification. Variations were photographed and calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel. Results: All 12 (100%) right oblique, 7 (70%) left oblique and 9 (75%) horizontal fissures were incomplete. Absence was found only for 2 (16.67%) horizontal fissures. Fissure prevalence according to the Craig – Walker classification: right oblique fissures – I and IV – 0 (0%); II – 10 (83.33%); III – 2 (16.67%); left oblique fissures – I – 3 (30%); II – 3 (30%); III – 4 (40%); IV – 0 (0%); Horizontal fissures – I – 1 (8.33%); II – 2 (16.67%); III – 7 (58.33%); IV – 2 (16.67%). Seven (31.84%) lungs had accessory fissures. A total of 11 accessory fissures were found (1 superior, 5 inferior, 3 left minor, 1 middle lobe, and 1 miscellaneous). Seven (63.64%) in the left lungs. Of the examined right lung hila, several pulmonary arteries were found in 13 (86.67%); more than two veins in 12 (80%); and more than two bronchi in 11 (73.33%). Of the examined left lung hila, more than one pulmonary artery was observed in 10 (71.43%); more than two veins in 9 (64.29%); and more than one bronchus in 7 (50%). Typical spatial arrangement of bronchovascular structures was found in 9 (60%) right and 9 (64.29%) left lung hila, while a typical number in 1 (6.67%) right and 4 (28.57%) left. A total of 26 (89.66%) pulmonary hila showed anatomical variability. One right (6.67%) and two left (14.29%) lung hila had a typical number and spatial arrangement of bronchovascular structures. Conclusions: Among all main fissures examined in this study, the most common anatomical variation was incomplete fissures, specifically of grade II variety as per Craig – Walker. Examples of absence were found only among horizontal fissures. Accessory fissures were higher in number on the left side lungs. Inferior accessory fissures were most common. Variations of bronchovascular pattern within pulmonary hila are frequent. |
