| Abstract [eng] |
The welfare state that was designed for one breadwinner family faces a crisis because it does not help other groups of society that need assistance. Tom Chevalier developed a youth welfare citizenship typology where he classified countries into four citizenship types: denied, second-class, monitored, and enabling. Šataitė (2022) classified 11 Central and Eastern European EU states. She found out that Bulgaria and Romania are second-class, Hungary, Slovenia, and Latvia – enabling youth welfare citizenship. Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovakia belong to monitored youth welfare citizenship group. Authors disagree on why countries react to youth differently. Chevalier thought that the role of the Catholic Church and accessibility to higher education are important. Others emphasize role of political parties, youth interest groups, traditional family values, inequality, dividing children by their abilities in schools, or participation in civic organizations. In this work, 11 Central and Eastern European states that had undergone post-socialist transformation and joined the EU were researched. There are 8 independent variables, Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) method was used. First, each variable was examined, then QCA was performed for each dimension, and the combinations for specific youth welfare citizenships were revealed. First, smaller role of the Catholic Church, high importance of traditional family values, small role of youth interest groups, not attainable tertiary education and participation in civic organizations, and high inequality are the reasons for second-rate welfare regime. In Lithuania, monitored youth welfare citizenship is caused by small role of traditional family values and youth interest groups, more frequent left-wing party rule and dividing schoolchildren by their abilities in school, attainable tertiary education, and higher participation in civic organizations. In Estonia, it is caused by small role of traditional family values and youth interest groups, more frequent left-wing party rule, less inequality, and higher participation in civic organizations. In Croatia, it is caused by less inequality, higher participation in civic organizations, higher role of the Catholic Church, small role of traditional family values, less frequent left-wing party rule, and higher role of youth interest groups. In 3 Visegrad countries it is caused by higher role of the Catholic Church, small role of traditional family values, less frequent left-wing party rule, higher role of youth interest groups, frequently dividing schoolchildren by their abilities in school, and lesser inequality. In Latvia, enabling youth welfare citizenship is caused by smaller role of the Catholic Church and youth interest groups, high importance of traditional family values, less frequently dividing youth by their abilities in schools, attainable tertiary education, high inequality, and small participation in civic organizations. In Hungary, higher role of the Catholic Church, small role of traditional family values, less frequent left-wing party rule, lesser role of youth interest groups, frequently dividing schoolchildren by their abilities in school, and lesser inequality cause it. In Slovenia, it is caused by higher role of the Catholic Church, lesser importance of traditional family values, more frequent left-wing party rule and dividing schoolchildren by their abilities in school, more active youth interest groups, attainable tertiary education, and higher participation in civic organizations. To conclude, this research shows that some theories are more important than other when it comes to youth welfare citizenship types. Inequality, tertiary education attainment, role of the Catholic Church, and participation in civic organizations are the strongest presumptions and should be included in future research. Overall, the research helps to better understand (youth) welfare state in the region. |
