| Abstract [eng] |
Functional gonadotroph adenomas (FGAs) are uncommon, benign tumors of the pituitary gland that produce active levels of the hormones FSH and/or LH. Because these tumors are rare and their symptoms are often vague or nonspecific, they are difficult to identify, and accurate data on how often they occur is limited. Many pituitary tumors that do not cause symptoms still show markers of hormone production, which can lead to confusion in diagnosis. True FGAs are rarely diagnosed, partly because they often mimic other conditions. In women, symptoms may include menstrual issues, infertility, ovarian cysts, or signs of overstimulation of the ovaries. In men, signs might be enlarged testicles or problems with sexual function. Unlike other hormone-producing pituitary tumors, FGAs often go unnoticed until they become large enough to press on nearby structures, leading to headaches, vision problems, low hormone levels, or unexpected sexual hormone changes. Medications like dopamine agonists or somatostatin analogs usually don’t work well for treating FGAs. As a result, surgery—typically through the nose using a transsphenoidal method—is the most common treatment. The goal is to reduce pressure on surrounding areas, normalize hormone levels, and confirm the diagnosis through tissue analysis. After surgery, regular follow-up is important to track hormone levels and catch any signs of the tumor coming back. In summary, FGAs can show up in many different ways, including reproductive and hormonal symptoms or pressure-related effects if the tumor grows large. Diagnosis usually involves hormone testing, MRI scans, and examining tumor tissue. Surgery is the main treatment, with radiation used only when necessary. |
