| Abstract [eng] |
Hyperprolactinemia is an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated levels of prolactin in the bloodstream. It significantly affects the female reproductive system by inhibiting ovulation, disrupting the menstrual cycle, contributing to infertility, causing sexual dysfunction, and having long-term consequences on bone, metabolic, and cardiovascular health. Increased prolactin concentrations suppress the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone which leads to decreased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. This impairs ovulation, weakens corpus luteum function, reduces granulosa cell activity, alters endometrial structure, and lowers its receptivity—ultimately reducing the likelihood of embryo implantation. Aim: To evaluate the impact of hyperprolactinemia on female reproductive health. Objectives: To assess the effects of hyperprolactinemia on fertility, menstrual cycle, and sexual function, and to explore its pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment options. The study also includes a clinical case analysis and evaluates its clinical and scientific relevance. Methods: A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted using international databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar), alongside a clinical case analysis to assess the practical application of theoretical knowledge. Results: Literature analysis revealed that prolactin inhibits the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone through multiple molecular mechanisms, disrupting ovulation, lowering estrogen levels, reducing endometrial receptivity, and potentially impairing embryo implantation. Hyperprolactinemia is also associated with sexual dysfunction, mood disturbances, decreased bone mineral density, and metabolic changes. The clinical case analysis demonstrated a clear link between hyperprolactinemia and female infertility. Following diagnosis and treatment with a dopamine agonist, prolactin levels normalized and a successful pregnancy was achieved. Conclusions: Hyperprolactinemia is an important and often underdiagnosed cause of reproductive dysfunction. Early evaluation of prolactin levels, thorough diagnostics, and appropriate treatment can significantly improve fertility and overall quality of life. This work highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in assessing female reproductive disorders. |
