| Keywords [eng] |
Bladder Cancer, Superficial Urothelial Carcinoma, NMIBC, NMIBC Surveillance, TURBT, Cystoscopy, Cytology, Urinary Biomarkers |
| Abstract [eng] |
Superficial urothelial carcinoma (UC), or non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), represents the predominant form of bladder cancer which is associated with a significant risk of recurrence and progression. Conventional surveillance techniques, such as cystoscopy and cytology, continue to be the benchmark in follow up in affected patients; however, they are invasive, expensive, and uncomfortable. This literature review examines both conventional and novel tools for NMIBC surveillance, focusing on non-invasive urinary biomarkers, imaging modalities, and individualized risk stratification models. Recent advancements in molecular diagnostics such as DNA methylation assays, mRNA panels, and proteomic profiling display promising diagnostic precision and the potential to reduce dependence on repeated invasive procedures. The incorporation of patient-centered approaches, such as lifestyle modifications and systemic inflammatory indicators, enhances the developing framework of NMIBC management. This review seeks to advocate for a transition to a more personalized, minimally invasive, and cost-effective approach for monitoring NMIBC patients through a critical analysis of existing evidence and research. |
