| Title |
Continuous glucose monitoring, diabetes distress, and well-being in adults with type 1 diabetes: findings from a National Survey in Lithuania |
| Authors |
Šuminienė, Jurga ; Stukas, Rimantas ; Gaigalaitė, Virginija ; Kriaučiūnienė, Dovilė ; Istomina, Natalja |
| DOI |
10.3389/fcdhc.2026.1708124 |
| Full Text |
|
| Is Part of |
Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare.. Lausanne : Frontiers Media SA. 2026, vol. 7, p. [1-7].. eISSN 2673-6616 |
| Keywords [eng] |
continuous glucose monitoring ; diabetes distress ; hypoglycemia confidence ; type 1 diabetes ; well-being |
| Abstract [eng] |
Background: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed glycemic management in type 1 diabetes (T1D), yet its associations with general well-being remain heterogeneous. Objective: To examine associations between glucose monitoring modality and general well-being among adults with T1D in Lithuania and to explore relationships between diabetes distress, hypoglycemia confidence, and well-being, including within predefined higher-risk subgroups. Methods: A cross-sectional national online survey was conducted between December 2023 and May 2024 among 368 adults with T1D (171 using flash glucose monitoring [FGM] and 197 using continuous glucose monitoring [CGM]). Participants completed the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS-17), and Hypoglycemia Confidence Scale. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of good well-being (WHO-5 ≥50) and high hypoglycemia confidence (≥3), adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. Median duration of CGM use was 24 months (IQR 12–36). Results: Compared with FGM users, CGM users reported lower diabetes distress, higher hypoglycemia confidence, and higher median WHO-5 scores. After adjustment, CGM use was independently associated with high hypoglycemia confidence but not with good general well-being. Better glycemic stability (time in range >70%) and absence of recent acute events were independently associated with higher odds of good well-being. In selected higher-risk subgroups (unemployment, frequent non-severe hypoglycemia, and time in range <70%), CGM users more frequently reported good well-being; these findings represent cross-sectional associations. Conclusion: CGM use was associated with improved diabetes-specific emotional outcomes, particularly hypoglycemia confidence. Associations with general well-being appear to operate indirectly through glycemic stability and hypoglycemia-related factors. These findings support integrating CGM into comprehensive, patient-centered diabetes care models, particularly for individuals with elevated psychosocial vulnerability. |
| Published |
Lausanne : Frontiers Media SA |
| Type |
Journal article |
| Language |
English |
| Publication date |
2026 |
| CC license |
|
