| Abstract [eng] |
Galactic outflows are energetic streams of gas expelled from galaxies, where they can regulate gas content, star formation and therefore galaxy evolution. A key quantity used to describe the efficiency of this feedback is the mass outflow rate. This work focuses both on the physical properties of galactic outflows and on the methodological problem of how mass outflow rate is estimated and what determines its uncertainty. The analysis is carried out in several steps. First, snapshots from an idealized Gadget model are used to calibrate the outflow selection and parameter-estimation methodology, allowing different systematic uncertainties to be tested separately. The method is then applied to the cosmological IllustrisTNG50-1 simulation at three epochs. Finally, the simulation results are compared with observational data to assess how well TNG50-1 reproduces observed mass outflow rate scaling relations. The aim of this work is to investigate how well the dynamical and energetic properties of simulated galactic outflows agree with those inferred from observations. The main conclusions are: 1. Calibration with idealized models shows that mass outflow rate depends strongly on the chosen estimator, its hyperparameters and the viewing direction. The largest uncertainty is caused not by the formal estimator itself, but by its geometrical implementation. 2. Applying the updated method to IllustrisTNG50-1 shows that the cold phase dominates the outflow mass at all analysed epochs, while the warm and hot components become more important at higher redshift. 3. The total mass outflow rate correlates most strongly with SFR and stellar mass, especially at z~2. The hot phase shows stronger scaling relations with SFR, stellar mass, and AGN luminosity than the total multiphase outflow. 4. Residual analysis shows that, in the IllustrisTNG50-1 active galaxy sample, the main parameter associated with mass outflow rate is SFR, while residual correlations with the AGN luminosity remain weak. This suggests that the selected outflows are more closely linked to star formation and the multiphase gas content than to the direct effect of instantaneous AGN activity. 5. Comparison with observations shows that IllustrisTNG50-1 best reproduces the slope of the mass outflow rate and AGN luminosity relation, but less successfully reproduces the relations with SFR and especially stellar mass. This mismatch may partly reflect the narrower ranges of AGN luminosity, SFR, and stellar mass covered by the simulated active-galaxy sample. |
