| Abstract [eng] |
Introduction. Infections caused by streptococci remain a relevant medical problem both historically and presently. The diseases caused by these bacteria span a wide clinical spectrum – from mild upper respiratory tract inflammations to life-threatening invasive conditions. When considering these infections, the most common forms, such as erysipelas or pneumonia, are most easily recognized. However, when addressing severe invasive forms like infectious endocarditis, focus is often placed on protecting against autoimmune-mediated consequences, sometimes without sufficiently evaluating the direct bacterial damage to the organ. Objective. To review the treatment principles for rare but life-threatening complications caused by streptococcal infection that require surgical intervention, and to compare their similarities and differences. Methodology. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar archives, and the official WHO website. Keywords used: streptococcus forms of manifestation, streptococcus history, streptococcus epidemiology, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, otitis media, pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, group B streptococcus, toxic shock syndrome, necrotic fasciitis, rheumatic heart disease, infectious endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, empyema. Conclusions. Severe streptococcal conditions are rare and more likely for patients with weakened immune systems. The bacteria can enter practically any organ and establish a focus of infection. Early diagnosis is often difficult due to the non-specificity of symptoms. The most common diagnostic gold standard is a positive culture of the pathogen. As the infection progresses, the organ is directly damaged, its normal function is disrupted, and symptoms usually intensify or new ones appear. These lesions and abscesses can be visualized using imaging tools. Streptococcal infection is dangerous due to superantigens – they can cause an uncontrolled release of cytokines by the autoimmune system and trigger streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Treatment is based on antibiotic therapy and, where possible, debridement, drainage of abscesses, and restoration of organ function. There are few specific prevention options. |
