| Abstract [eng] |
A great number of Lithuanian poets were forced to experience the exile or emigration. Literature created in the foreign lands is often characterized by the nostalgia of the native land, homelessness and other features. It is very important in the analysis of the master’s work theme – the dialogality in the poetry of the Zemininkai (the Lithuanian land poets). The Zemininkai are the brightest group of the emigration poets called by the name of the anthology ‘Zeme’ ( ‘the Land’) which appeared in the USA in 1951. The tendencies of the bright poetry modernisation are typical for this poets’ generation. The search for the dialogue with the lost world unites all the Lithuanian land poets. In their poetry they solve the existential problems of the human life having philosophical, deep psychological, religious and other aspects. By this master‘s work it is tried to show that the problem of the dialogality in the creative work of the Zemininkai is important and actual. According to the theory (by M. Buberis, E. Levinas, A. Mickunas, etc.) the dialogue is realized as the relation with the ‘another one‘, intersubjectivity, mutuality, situation of the address and answer, conversation and the other topic (touch, look, sense). The aim of the study is to disclose the different relations of the dialogality based on the methodology of phenomenology and hermeneutics in the early poetry of Henrikas Nagys and Nyka-Niliunas. The object of this work is the early poetry of the Zemininkai. The dialogality encompassing many cultural and religious experiences, disclosing relations with the lost home and close people, giving an opportunity to see the essential to all Lithuanian land poets typical common and at the same time showing their individuality themes of the native land, its loss and nostalgia is particularly clear in the creative of these authors. In order to discuss the dialogality the main attention is paid to the lyrical ‘I‘ in the position of the speaker analysing the relations between him and the partners (‘the other/s’) of the dialogue. They are disclosed by the address of the lyrical ‘I‘in movement and from the other side by the address to him of ‘the other’ in words, body language, actions and etc. According to whom the touch is got the dialogality in this work is analysed in different aspects: the dialogue with the world of home and things, the dialogue with the person, the dialogue with the God and transcendence, the dialogue with oneself, the dialogue with the land and the world of nature. The creative work of the land poets is unified by the intensive relation with the lost land and its things. This raises nostalgia, dramatization, tension of the pull of the lost time and dissociation from home. Their poetry is also deeply individualistic. The theme of the human loneliness in the poetry of H. Nagys is important in all his creative work and it is closely connected to not less important theme as the emphasis to overcome the loneliness by the search of the destiny brothers and by getting in touch. Not only a man, but also the nature, native home, things seek the dialogue. By the help of a man they can be raised for a new existence, get the immortality. The return to the lost paradise in the poetry of the Zemininkai often becomes possible only by getting in touch with the close person – a mother, a brother, a friend, etc. Address to the other is the turning back to yourself, ‘your own subsistence autoprojection to the other’ (N. Kersyte). The man of the poem and nature are connected by the intersubjective relations. The lyrical subject feeling the loss of the lost paradise looks for the support in the relation with the God. Differently to the riotous lyrical subject of A. Nyka-Niliunas, the man of H. Nagys poetry feels alienated by the God. By the relation with the God he feels the meeting with the transcendence. H. Nagys lives in the native land and misses the other lands, and the man of A. Nyka-Niliunas lives among the things and also he lives in the world of ideas – the land of El Dorado. The main ideas of his creation are the sense of the subsistence, eternity, time. A. Nyka-Niliunas expresses the distinctive understanding of the God. His poetry subject is not helpless, obedient, but strong in the spiritual power. He looks for the perception of himself in the spirit and by this he gets in touch with the God. He thinks that the divinity exists in every person. The main task is to fight for the truth of the transcendence. The home of A. Nyka-Niliunas calls the gone. Nevertheless they are touched by death the relation with the dead is kept in the metaphysical way. Communication between home and those living in the world is very important in the creative work of the both poets. Analysis of the problem of the master‘s work clarifies that the dialogue in the poetry of the Zemininkai is accomplished and abandoned (but it is sought intensively), verbal and corporal, phonic and visual. The chosen perspective way of the depiction helps to realize the relation between the creator and creation, poetical world and reality, the other topic of the Zemininkai creation. For the poets of exodus this is the way to disclose their own outlook, the perception of the life meaning, to express nostalgia, love and loyalty for their native land. A man, the God, nature, home, things and the other ordinary environment take part in the topic of the dialogality as the relation. The most important is the problematic axis of the relation with the ‘other’. |
