| Abstract [eng] |
The topic of this paper is palazzo type palaces in Vilnius architecture in the 16th–18th centuries. It should be noticed that in the historiography of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (henceforth GDL) and Vilnius architecture the question of residences has received sufficient attention. However, from the point of view of typology, separate palaces of the capital are scarcely analyzed. The main object of this research is palazzo – an urban residence, which formed in the Renaissance époque. The author of this paper analyzes the spread of the latter type of palaces in the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicistic architecture of Vilnius. In addition, the peculiarities of this model and its stylistic forms are distinguished. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part the object is formulated, the problematic questions are raised and the aims as well as methods are set. The second part is theoretical. It presents an overview of the phenomenon of palazzo. At first, an attempt to investigate the phenomenon of the palaces from the earliest times till the Renaissance is made. Later on, the question of an urban residence in the époque of Renaissance is examined, social and economical assumptions about this residential architecture are tested, and the development of palazzo from the earliest stage of Renaissance till the Mannerism is analyzed. Further on, the reception of Italian urban palaces in the general European context is analyzed. The basic aim of the first part is to show the peculiarity of Italian type residences, their planned and spatial structure as well as the most peculiar features in order to apply general criteria which would help to classify the residences of Vilnius typologically. The third part of the paper analyzes the reception of palazzo in Vilnius architecture starting from the Renaissance and finishing with some of the classicistic examples. The attempt is made not only to estimate the level of adapting the typology and style but also to distinguish the influence of local traditions. One of the sections of this part is set to analyze the Lower Castle of Vilnius and the residences of the Radvila family. In addition, it discusses the reception of planned and spatial structure, which is a peculiarity of palazzo palaces, in public buildings (the building of the Alumnatas, the buildings of University). In the other section baroque palaces of the Pacai family are discussed and the reminiscences of palazzo palaces in the classicistic architecture are distinguished. At the end of the paper the author summarizes the results and highlights that the most intensive period of building palazzo palaces in Vilnius was the 16th century and the second part of the 17th century. During this period the idea of Italian type palaces was spreading through the palace of the Duke where it was noticed first of all (the Lower Castle). It is also emphasized that the idea was soon taken over by the noblemen as well, which is obvious from the “Italian” construction works of the Radvila family. From the point of view of planned and spatial structure as well as inside yards exterior, the feature of the renaissance residence model is also noticed in the public buildings, which were built at the same time due to the initiative and attempts of Jesuits. It should be emphasized that in the Baroque époque the idea of palazzo palaces was abandoned due to the higher priority to the exurban villas. However, the model of renaissance urban residences still remains in the residences built by the hetman of the GDL M. K. Pacas and the chancellor of the GDL K. Ž. Pacas. This is obvious from their main facades and planned structure. During the period of Classicism the idea of palazzo was in a way revitalized. One of the best examples of the époque is considered to be the Fitinghof Palace. Due to its capacity, the plan, which is almost the square, and street facades the palace can be considered to be the most ideal example of palazzo in Vilnius. |
