| Abstract [eng] |
Orchids are one of the most widespread plant groups; however, due to their specific mycorrhizal associations, specialized pollination strategies, and particular habitat requirements, many orchid species are highly sensitive to changes in ecosystem balance. All of these factors significantly affect seedling survival, germination, and the ability to reach the generative stage. As suitable habitats rapidly decline, orchid populations are decreasing accordingly. The survival of orchid species depends on a wide range of biological, ecological, and environmental factors; therefore, demographic studies are essential for understanding their population dynamics, viability, and conservation needs. The aim of this study was to assess the vitality of orchid (Orchidaceae) populations in meadows of different management types within Ventos Regional Park and to provide recommendations for population management. The study focused on the following orchid species found in Ventos Regional Park: Orchis mascula (L.), Orchis militaris (L.), Dactylorhiza baltica (L.), and Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. The condition of the populations was assessed by analyzing the species composition of the surrounding vegetation, the demographic structure of orchid populations, population density, vitality and regeneration indices, reproductive efficiency, and statistical relationships. The results showed that the most viable populations occur in regularly mown, open habitats, where the proportion of young individuals is higher and regeneration indices are more favorable. In unmanaged, overgrown habitats, population ageing and lack of recruitment were observed. Statistical analysis indicated that productivity is largely unrelated to the main morphological traits of the orchids. Reproductive success is more strongly influenced by habitat type and the level of competition than by individual morphology. Recommended conservation measures include regular mowing, control of competitive species, and continuous monitoring. |
