| Abstract [eng] |
In this work the problems of vocal education of adolescents and ways of solving them in the early mutational period are analyzed. The aim of the research is to reveal the problems and solutions of adolescents vocal education in the early mutation period. The following tasks have been set to fulfill the goal: to analyze the conception of musical educatin,; review vocal education; to describe the psychophysiology of adolescence; to discuss the peculiarities of vocal education in the early mutation period; to find out the problematic structure of the voice apparatus structure and its changes during adolescence; to consider the specificity of vocal education during the mutation period; to conduct an empirical study in order to investigate teenagers‘ vocal education in the early mutation period. The object of the research is the vocal education of teenagers in the early mutation period. Theoretical (analysis of scientific and psychological literature, documents) and empirical (questionnaire) methods were used for the research. 54 music educators working with 5-8 grades students and 186 pupils from the basic school were interviewed. The analysis of the scientific literature confirmed that adolescent vocal education in the early mutation period is a complex process that requires a lot of knowledge about the pupils' anatomical, mental, and physical changes. The results of the study showed that vocal education is very specific during adolescence. After analyzing scientific, methodical literature, documents of the educational system and fullfilling the survey, the following conclusions were drawn: 1) musical education is a complex compound that includes musical expression and its cognition. Music lesson consists of musical expression, listening to music, its description and assessment, and cognition of music in a cultural environment. Musical education provides each student the basics of cultivated awareness and musical excellence, enabling them to develop an emotional and creative personality; 2) Vocal education, singing is a constant issue of musical education. Singing culture, more musical awareness are gained while singing , integrating into sociol-cultural life becomes faster and more active ; 3) Adolescence is a stage of life between childhood and adulthood. This is the period of storms, hardships, searches, discoveries and recognition. Three stages of adolescence are distinguished: early (rapid physical maturation), middle (new thinking skills, influence of friends) and late (great independence from parents, decreased influence of peers); 4) During the period of voice mutation vocal education is special because singing becomes a complex psychophysical process. Three stages of voice development are distinguished: pre-mutation, sharp, and post-emergence. Disorders that occur during a voice mutation may affect singing in the future . During mutation, the voices of the boys are changing, the falcet disappears, the top register is not used while singing. Symptoms of a girl's voice mutation appear much weaker, but nevertheless they affect the voice for a certain period of time as well; 5) The voice apparatus consists of voice strings, throat, breathing apparatus and resonators. All these organs are closely related to each other during singing. Voice strings do not only lengthen during adolescence, but they also thicken. Adam's apple appears in the front of the boys‘ neck. The most noticeable phenomenon of the mutation period is the sudden growth of the larynx. With the rapid growth of the throat, there is a change in the voice that emerges as \"the other\" sound; 6) Vocal education during the mutation period has its own specificity, therefore it must be managed by a competent teacher, who must be able to train purposefully and monitor the voices of adolescents. During the mutational period it is very important to preserve and not overturn the voices of adolescents. Singing must be adjusted individually to the learner's voice range, vocal exercises have to be performed in the separate groups of girls and boys. If the range is not set, timbre, the main acoustic characteristic of the voice, is affected negatively; 7) The results of the empirical research have shown that it is difficult for teachers to organize vocal education due to the distraction of teenagers, frequent replication, non-concentration,the lack of attention. During adolescence vocal, respiratory, musical hearing, voice range change,the sense of rhythm and intonation difficulties occur in vocal education. In order to attract learners, teachers have to combine the singing repertoire with their students, look for different, innovative teaching methods. The research revealed that educators notice changes in the pupils during mutation and have sufficient knowledge abou tthe development of the teenagers voices. The study showed that most pupils like vocal education, as they can feel free. There are only a few students who notice significant changes and disorders in their voices. The aim of the study had been to identify and highlight socio-demographic factors that influence teachers' attitudes towards vocal education in the early mutation period. Statistically identified significant features showed the main differences between the younger and the older educators and revealed their different attitude towards the vocal education of adolescents. |
